Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - Common Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that has cast its evil gaze on women of reproductive age. It is characterised by various factors, including irregular menstrual cycles, elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body, and the presence of small cysts on the ovaries. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome can have a significant impact on a person's life, both physically and emotionally. It is estimated to affect up to 10% of women worldwide, making it one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among females.

The condition can lead to a range of symptoms such as fertility issues, weight gain, acne, excessive hair growth, and mood disturbances. Beyond its physical effects, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome can also have emotional consequences, including stress and anxiety, as individuals may struggle with body image concerns and fertility challenges. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in addressing the various aspects of PCOS and improving the quality of life for those affected. 

Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) manifests through a constellation of symptoms and signs, which can vary in severity among individuals. Here are the most commonly encountered symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, a disease that has gripped this latest generation of women. 

• Irregular menstrual cycles, which may be infrequent or absent.
• Excess facial and body hair growth (hirsutism).
• Acne and oily skin.
• Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair.
• Weight gain and difficulty in managing weight.
• The presence of small fluid-filled sacs or cysts on the ovaries is detectable through ultrasound.
• Fertility issues, including difficulty in getting pregnant.
• Insulin resistance can lead to elevated blood sugar levels.
• Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• Elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in the body.
• Higher risk of cardiovascular problems and long-term health complications

Early diagnosis and tailored treatment are important for effectively managing the condition.

Causes of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 

• Genetic Factors: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome often has a hereditary component, as it tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic influence.

• Hormonal Imbalance: Individuals with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome commonly experience imbalances in sex hormones, with elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) and disturbances in insulin regulation.

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• Insulin Resistance: Insulin resistance is a hallmark feature of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This can lead to increased insulin levels in the bloodstream, affecting hormone production.

• Disrupted Ovulation: Hormonal imbalances in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome can disrupt the normal ovulation process, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and the development of small cysts on the ovaries.

• Environmental Factors: Lifestyle factors, such as obesity, sedentary behaviour, and poor dietary choices, can exacerbate Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, as they contribute to hormonal irregularities.

• Inflammation: Some studies suggest that chronic low-grade inflammation may play a role in the development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

• Stress: Elevated stress levels may worsen Polycystic Ovary Syndrome symptoms, although stress is not considered a direct cause.

These factors can interact in complex ways, and the exact cause may vary among individuals. Understanding these causes is important for effective management and treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

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Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) typically focuses on managing the specific symptoms and addressing underlying hormonal imbalances. Here's an overview of treatment options available.

• Lifestyle Modifications

Diet and Exercise: A healthy, balanced diet and regular physical activity can help manage weight, improve insulin sensitivity, and reduce some PCOS symptoms.

• Medications:

1.  Birth Control Pills: Oral contraceptives can regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels, improving hirsutism and acne.

2. Anti-Androgen Medications: These can help manage excess hair growth (hirsutism) and acne.

3. Metformin: Often prescribed for insulin resistance, it can help regulate blood sugar levels and improve ovulation.

4. Fertility Medications: For those trying to conceive, medications like clomiphene may be prescribed to induce ovulation.

• Managing Symptoms:

1. Topical Creams: For hirsutism, topical eflornithine creams can slow down facial hair growth.
2. Acne Treatments: Dermatologists may recommend topical treatments or oral antibiotics for acne.

• Surgery:

1. Ovulation Induction: In cases of infertility, assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilisation (IVF) may be considered.

2. Ovarian Drilling: A surgical procedure that can help restore ovulation in some cases.

• Dietary Supplements: Some individuals may benefit from supplements like inositol, which can help improve insulin sensitivity.

• Mental Health Support: PCOS can have emotional and psychological effects, so counselling or support groups may be helpful.

Treatment is highly individualised, and the approach may vary based on the specific needs and goals of the person with PCOS. It's essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop a personalised treatment plan.

Talk to our Gytree Experts for a consultation session if you seem to be experiencing similar complaints. 

In this day and age, where 1 out of every 5 women experience the struggles of this Syndrome, let us make sure we lend each other a helping hand and ease their strides!